Adenylyl cyclase has the opposite effect of which of the following?
A) protein kinase
B) protein phosphatase
C) phosphodiesterase
D) phosphorylase
E) GTPase
Answer: C
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Biology
- For a newly evolving protist, what would be the advantage of using eukaryote-like cell division rather than binary fission?
- If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there?
- Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
- The centromere is a region in which
- Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except
- Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?
- Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
- Consider this pathway: epinephrine ? G protein-coupled receptor ? G protein ? adenylyl cyclase ? cAMP. Identify the second messenger.
- Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
- The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by
- Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
- Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because
- Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma. Beta 2 antagonist drugs might also be used most effectively for which of the following?
- Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma. The use of beta 2 antagonist drugs may be useful in asthma because they may
- Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma. The description above illustrates which of the following?
- Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. This method of affinity chromatography would be expected to collect which of the following?
- Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. When an excess of the ligand (hormone) is poured through the column after the receptor binding step, what do you expect will occur?
- A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. If you wish to design an experiment to block the G protein-coupled receptor interaction, the block would preferentially affect which of the following?
- A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. The coupled G protein most likely interacts with this receptor
- A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. Where would you expect to find the carboxyl end?
- The human population's life expectancy has increased significantly but seems to have an upper limit. Which of the following might be described as an ecological consequence of passing that upper limit by regulating cell death?
- Where do apoptotic signals come from?
- In research on aging (both cellular aging and organismal aging), it has been found that aged cells do not progress through the cell cycle as they had previously. Which of the following would provide evidence that this is related to cell signaling?
- In C. elegans, ced-9 prevents apoptosis in a normal cell in which of the following ways?
- Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy "neighbors" of a dying cell?
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