Archive for December 2016

Maya is getting tired of the Friday night routine of eating out at the same restaurant with her husband. She is struggling with what dialectical tension?

Add Comment

Maya is getting tired of the Friday night routine of eating out at the same restaurant with her husband. She is struggling with what dialectical tension?





A. connection-autonomy
B. openness-privacy
C. predictability-novelty
D. alternation-segmentation
E. None of these choices are correct






Answer: C

When two opposing or incompatible forces exist simultaneously in an interpersonal relationship, the struggle to achieve these opposing goals creates what is called a

Add Comment

When two opposing or incompatible forces exist simultaneously in an interpersonal relationship, the struggle to achieve these opposing goals creates what is called a




A. dialectical tension.
B. collectivistic tension.
C. differentiating end state.
D. proximity problem.
E. counterfeit goal state.








Answer: A

Which of the following does not typically occur in the intensifying stage of interpersonal relationships?

Add Comment

Which of the following does not typically occur in the intensifying stage of interpersonal relationships?




A. Feelings are expressed nonverbally.
B. The parties spend an increasing amount of time together.
C. The parties begin to take on an identity as a social unit.
D. The parties might take trips together.
E. The parties hint and flirt.







Answer: C

According to Knapp's model of interaction stages, symbolic public gestures that show the world that a relationship exists usually occur in which stage in interpersonal relationships?

Add Comment

According to Knapp's model of interaction stages, symbolic public gestures that show the world that a relationship exists usually occur in which stage in interpersonal relationships?




A. circumscribing
B. experimenting
C. bonding
D. intensifying
E. integrating








Answer: C

Judith and Natalie work for the same employer and often have lunch together to talk about their current romances, problems with their families, and apartment headaches. Most Saturday afternoons they play tennis together. Which relationship stage do they seem to be in?

Add Comment

Judith and Natalie work for the same employer and often have lunch together to talk about their current romances, problems with their families, and apartment headaches. Most Saturday afternoons they play tennis together. Which relationship stage do they seem to be in?







A. intensifying
B. differentiating
C. bonding
D. circumscribing
E. initiating








Answer: A

The relational dimension of a message

Add Comment

The relational dimension of a message




A. deals with one or more social needs.
B. makes statements about how the parties feel toward one another.
C. are usually expressed nonverbally.
D. All of these choices are correct.
E. None of these choices are correct.









Answer: D

Your roommate says, "It's your turn to take out the trash" in a demanding tone of voice. If you want to find out the relational dimension of the message, you should

Add Comment

Your roommate says, "It's your turn to take out the trash" in a demanding tone of voice. If you want to find out the relational dimension of the message, you should





A. negotiate other ways of dealing with the trash problem.
B. point out how defensive your roommate sounds.
C. use perception checking to see if your roommate is upset with you.
D. remind your roommate nicely that you took the trash out last night.
E. ask your roommate's friends to explain the real problem.







Answer: C

Social exchange theory suggests that we often seek out people who can give us

Add Comment

Social exchange theory suggests that we often seek out people who can give us




A. relational rewards rather than physical ones.
B. both relational and physical things without demanding anything of us.
C. more self-esteem.
D. something in exchange for what we give them.
E. rewards greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them








Answer: E

One of the key differences between marriages that end in separation and those that are restored to their former intimacy is

Add Comment

One of the key differences between marriages that end in separation and those that are restored to their former intimacy is




A. how long the couple remained in the integration stage.
B. how much metacommunication occurs.
C. the types of relational transgressions that happened.
D. the communication that occurs when the partners are unsatisfied.
E. None of these choices are correct.







Answer: D

Relationships

Add Comment

Relationships




A. are constantly changing.
B. can be characterized by dialectical tensions.
C. are affected by culture.
D. typically progress from one stage to another.
E. All of these choices are true about relationships.







Answer: E

Almost every message has

Add Comment

Almost every message has




A. both a content and a relational dimension.
B. relational dimension.
C. an unintentional message.
D. content dimension.
E. no dimensions unless the communicators intend them to.









Answer: A

A couple on their second marriage each share many feelings with each other, but they keep most details of their previous marriages private. They are managing the openness-privacy dialectic with the strategy of

Add Comment

A couple on their second marriage each share many feelings with each other, but they keep most details of their previous marriages private. They are managing the openness-privacy dialectic with the strategy of




A. recalibration.
B. balance.
C. denial.
D. alternation.
E. segmentation.








Answer: E

All of the following are true about similarity research except which one?

Add Comment

All of the following are true about similarity research except which one?





A. For the most part, we like people who are similar to us.
B. Being similar to others can boost your ego.
C. We tend to have stronger dislike for people who are similar to us but offensive.
D. Communication ability is more important to relational happiness than being similar.
E. Attraction is greatest when we're similar to others in areas like goals and beliefs.








Answer: D

We are often attracted to people who

Add Comment

We are often attracted to people who




A. we find physically attractive.
B. are different but can satisfy our needs.
C. are similar to us.
D. we interact with frequently.
E. All of these choices are correct.








Answer: E

Which of the following is an acceptable APA in-text citation?

Add Comment

Which of the following is an acceptable APA in-text citation?





a. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003, p. 147).
b. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 147).
c. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003, 147).
d. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003).
e. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley).








Answer: D

What concept is demonstrated best in the statement: "Speaker John Boehner criticizes the politics of left-wing thinkers at the same time that President Obama blasts the politics of right-wingers?"

Add Comment

What concept is demonstrated best in the statement: "Speaker John Boehner criticizes the politics of left-wing thinkers at the same time that President Obama blasts the politics of right-wingers?"





a. orientational metaphor
b. enthymeme
c. identification
d. chiasmus
e. war metaphor







Answer: A

Imagine that a series of sniper attacks commences in Tippecanoe County—3 different people are shot in 3 days. Citizens of Tippecanoe County, including Purdue students and staff, want to know what is being done to stop it. They want to be reassured and not alarmed. People want to hear some official word because they are frightened. The police chiefs of the area departments hold a press conference to provide some answers—what are they responding to?

Add Comment

Imagine that a series of sniper attacks commences in Tippecanoe County—3 different people are shot in 3 days. Citizens of Tippecanoe County, including Purdue students and staff, want to know what is being done to stop it. They want to be reassured and not alarmed. People want to hear some official word because they are frightened. The police chiefs of the area departments hold a press conference to provide some answers—what are they responding to?






a. universal audience
b. form
c. rhetorical situation
d. invitational rhetoric
e. identification






Answer: C

A contemporary communication concept observes that organizations, and not just individuals, can "speak." What is that concept, and what is one of its major problems?

Add Comment

A contemporary communication concept observes that organizations, and not just individuals, can "speak." What is that concept, and what is one of its major problems?





a. Organizational communication/doesn't necessarily speak for everyone in the organization
b. Organizational enthymeme/representation—not everyone has input into "official" statements
c. Organizational rhetoric/just because you're part of the organization doesn't mean it speaks for you
d. Organizational rhetoric/patriarchy means that men stay in charge
e. Invitational rhetoric/empowers women








Answer: C

From the following list (and considering the painting Mona Lisa as a text), choose the answer that best illustrates a critical claim about a text:

Add Comment

From the following list (and considering the painting Mona Lisa as a text), choose the answer that best illustrates a critical claim about a text:



a. The Mona Lisa suggests that a little mystery surrounding a painting might contribute to its status and value.
b. In addition to the Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci painted many other works, one of which hangs in the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia.
c. The identity of the model for the Mona Lisa is not known for sure.
d. The Mona Lisa hangs in the Louvre, in Paris.
e. The Mona Lisa is priceless.








Answer: A

Choose the statement that correctly describes the relationships among Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Add Comment

Choose the statement that correctly describes the relationships among Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.





a. Chronologically speaking, Plato came first, followed by Socrates and then Aristotle.
b. Aristotle was a student of Plato but had a much friendlier perspective toward rhetoric. Socrates taught the young Alexander the Great.
c. Aristotle "spoke" through the character of Socrates in his writings; Plato disagreed with Aristotle about the nature and role of rhetoric.
d. Aristotle wrote On Rhetoric as a response to Plato's Gorgias, in which Socrates defended rhetoric against the Sophists.
e. Socrates came first and was the main character in Plato's Gorgias. Aristotle came later and wrote a textbook on how to be a good rhetorician.








Answer: E

What influence have Aristotle's principles of epilogue had today?

Add Comment

What influence have Aristotle's principles of epilogue had today?




a. All four of them are still commonly taught and used.
b. All three of them are still commonly taught and used.
c. Like Cicero's characteristics of a good rhetorician, all but one are still relevant today.
d. The term "presentational speaking" itself actually originated in those principles.
e. They have lost out over time to Augustine's principles of epilogue.








Answer: A

What fallacy is in the following exchange? Challenger A: Senator, why did you vote against the recent immigration bill? Incumbent B: Let me tell you something: I love this country. I have served the U.S. in the military, in the Congress, and now in the Senate. I am not going to stand here and have my patriotism questioned.

Add Comment

What fallacy is in the following exchange?
Challenger A: Senator, why did you vote against the recent immigration bill?
Incumbent B: Let me tell you something: I love this country. I have served the U.S. in the military, in the Congress, and now in the Senate. I am not going to stand here and have my patriotism questioned.







A. straw person
B. selected instances
C. post hoc, ergo propter hoc
D. red herring
E. ambiguity









Answer: D

Imagine that you've just heard an argument that Purdue computer users shouldn't have to change their passwords so often. Which of the following fallacies is present in the statement in italics below? "Any argument that promotes LESS security isn't even worthy of a response."

Add Comment

Imagine that you've just heard an argument that Purdue computer users shouldn't have to change their passwords so often. Which of the following fallacies is present in the statement in italics below?
"Any argument that promotes LESS security isn't even worthy of a response."




a. Selected instances
b. Pooh-poohing
c. Red herring
d. Straw person
e. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc







Answer: B

Identify the correct analogy.

Add Comment

Identify the correct analogy.


a. rhetoric:deductive::dialectic:inductive
b. Plato:dialogue::Aristotle:textbook
c. Chiasmus:synecdoche::irony:metonymy
d. Gorgias:Socrates::Aristotle:Alexander the Great









Answer: B

Imagine that a politician says in a debate, "I just can't wrap my mind around my opponent's plan. He seems to be bundling it with other ideas in a way that most Americans can't really grasp. But I have a plan that I think I can get through to anyone." What concept is best illustrated here?

Add Comment

Imagine that a politician says in a debate, "I just can't wrap my mind around my opponent's plan. He seems to be bundling it with other ideas in a way that most Americans can't really grasp. But I have a plan that I think I can get through to anyone." What concept is best illustrated here?




a. Soundness of reasoning
b. Straw person fallacy
c. Gorgias's use of Sophistic techniques
d. A balance between form and information in order to make a point
e. How metaphor influences everyday speech and thought







Answer: E

Which of Aristotle's suggestions for epilogues/conclusions does not correspond directly to one of his artistic proofs?

Add Comment

Which of Aristotle's suggestions for epilogues/conclusions does not correspond directly to one of his artistic proofs?



a. Make the audience like you and dislike your opponent.
b. "Magnify or minimize the leading facts."
c. "Excite the required state of emotion in your hearers."
d. "Refresh their memories."
e. All of the above correspond to artistic proofs








Answer: D

Identify the opening underlined sentence. You should move to Alaska. Yes, it is far away, but that's just one more reason to love it. In fact, Alaska's population is different in makeup than that of the lower 48. Men outnumber women by a huge ratio. That doesn't necessarily make it a matchmaker haven, though. As an Alaskan proverb puts it, "The odds are good, but the goods are odd." (Identify this underlined part for number 25.)

Add Comment

Identify the opening underlined sentence.
You should move to Alaska. Yes, it is far away, but that's just one more reason to love it. In fact, Alaska's population is different in makeup than that of the lower 48. Men outnumber women by a huge ratio. That doesn't necessarily make it a matchmaker haven, though. As an Alaskan proverb puts it, "The odds are good, but the goods are odd." (Identify this underlined part for number 25.) 






A. alliteration
B. chiasmus
C. thesis
D. syllogism
E. enthymeme







Answer: C

For a newly evolving protist, what would be the advantage of using eukaryote-like cell division rather than binary fission?

Add Comment

For a newly evolving protist, what would be the advantage of using eukaryote-like cell division rather than binary fission? 





A) Binary fission would not allow for the formation of new organisms.
B) Cell division would allow for the orderly and efficient segregation of multiple linear chromosomes.
C) Cell division would be faster than binary fission.
D) Cell division allows for lower rates of error per chromosome replication.
E) Binary fission would not allow the organism to have complex cells.






Answer: B

The centromere is a region in which

Add Comment

The centromere is a region in which 






A) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.
B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate.
C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase.
D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis.
E) new spindle microtubules form at either end.







Answer: A

Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?

Add Comment

Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells? 







A) Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract.
B) Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.
C) Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells.
D) Glycogen breakdown was observed when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were combined.
E) Epinephrine was known to have different effects on different types of cells.







Answer: C

Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?

Add Comment

Apoptosis involves all but which of the following? 






A) fragmentation of the DNA
B) cell-signaling pathways
C) activation of cellular enzymes
D) lysis of the cell
E) digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells






Answer: D

Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because

Add Comment

Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because 





A) only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
B) intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
C) most cells lack the Y chromosome required.
D) only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone.
E) only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to activated transcription factor.






Answer: B

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?

Add Comment

Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane? 





A) receptor tyrosine kinase
B) G protein-coupled receptor
C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer
D) ligand-gated ion channel
E) intracellular receptor





Answer: D

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because

Add Comment

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because 





A) they are species specific.
B) they always lead to the same cellular response.
C) they amplify the original signal manyfold.
D) they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
E) the number of molecules used is small and fixed.






Answer: C

Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma. Beta 2 antagonist drugs might also be used most effectively for which of the following?

Add Comment

Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma.
Beta 2 antagonist drugs might also be used most effectively for which of the following? 







A) cardiac arrhythmias
B) increased gastric acid production
C) neuropathy of the extremities
D) increasing low blood pressure
E) decreasing peristalsis







Answer: D

Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma. The use of beta 2 antagonist drugs may be useful in asthma because they may

Add Comment

Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma.
The use of beta 2 antagonist drugs may be useful in asthma because they may 






A) increase constriction of the skeletal muscle of the chest wall.
B) increase heart rate and therefore allow the patient to get more oxygen circulated.
C) dilate the bronchioles by relaxing their smooth muscle.
D) override the beta blockers that the patient is already taking.
E) obstruct all G protein-mediated receptors.






Answer: C

Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma. The description above illustrates which of the following?

Add Comment

Humans have receptors for two kinds of beta adrenergic compounds such as catecholamines to control cardiac muscle contractions. Some are beta 1 receptors that promote increased heart rate. Other drugs, called beta blockers, slow heart rate. Smooth muscle cells, however, have beta 2 receptors, which mediate muscle relaxation. Blockers of these effects are sometimes used to treat asthma.
The description above illustrates which of the following? 





A) Just because a drug acts on one type of receptor does not mean that it will act on another type.
B) Beta blockers can be used effectively on any type of muscle.
C) Beta adrenergic receptors must be in the cytosol if they are going to influence contraction and relaxation.
D) The chemical structures of the beta 1 and beta 2 receptors must have the same active sites.






Answer: A

Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. This method of affinity chromatography would be expected to collect which of the following?

Add Comment

Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads.
This method of affinity chromatography would be expected to collect which of the following?






A) molecules of the hormone
B) molecules of purified receptor
C) G proteins
D) assorted membrane proteins
E) hormone-receptor complexes






Answer: B

Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. When an excess of the ligand (hormone) is poured through the column after the receptor binding step, what do you expect will occur?

Add Comment

Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads.
When an excess of the ligand (hormone) is poured through the column after the receptor binding step, what do you expect will occur? 





A) The ligand will attach to those beads that have the receptor and remain on the column.
B) The ligand will cause the receptor to be displaced from the beads and eluted out.
C) The ligand will attach to the bead instead of the receptor.
D) The ligand will cause the bead to lose its affinity by changing shape.
E) The reaction will cause a pH change due to electron transfer.






Answer: B

A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. If you wish to design an experiment to block the G protein-coupled receptor interaction, the block would preferentially affect which of the following?

Add Comment

A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
If you wish to design an experiment to block the G protein-coupled receptor interaction, the block would preferentially affect which of the following? 






A) the exterior (cytoplasmic) end of the receptor
B) the cytosolic end of the receptor
C) the phospholipid's transmembrane domain
D) the amino acid sequence in the binding site for the G protein
E) the amino acids in the binding site for the transduction molecules







Answer: D

A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. The coupled G protein most likely interacts with this receptor

Add Comment

A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
The coupled G protein most likely interacts with this receptor 






A) at the NH3 end.
B) at the COO– end.
C) along the exterior margin.
D) along the interior margin.
E) at the loop between H5 and H6.







Answer: E

A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others. Where would you expect to find the carboxyl end?

Add Comment

A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane a helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
Where would you expect to find the carboxyl end? 






A) at the exterior surface
B) at the cytosol surface
C) connected with the loop at H5 and H6
D) between the membrane layers






Answer: B

The human population's life expectancy has increased significantly but seems to have an upper limit. Which of the following might be described as an ecological consequence of passing that upper limit by regulating cell death?

Add Comment

The human population's life expectancy has increased significantly but seems to have an upper limit. Which of the following might be described as an ecological consequence of passing that upper limit by regulating cell death? 






A) an increase in the relative frequency of deaths from cancer
B) an increased need for gerontologists and other professionals to care for the elderly
C) an increase in the total population of humans on the planet
D) a decrease in the ratio of younger to older members of the population
E) a decrease in the birth rate





Answer: C

Where do apoptotic signals come from?

Add Comment

Where do apoptotic signals come from? 






A) the nucleus only
B) the ER only
C) ligand binding only
D) mitochondrial protein leakage only
E) all of the above





Answer: E

In research on aging (both cellular aging and organismal aging), it has been found that aged cells do not progress through the cell cycle as they had previously. Which of the following would provide evidence that this is related to cell signaling?

Add Comment

In research on aging (both cellular aging and organismal aging), it has been found that aged cells do not progress through the cell cycle as they had previously. Which of the following would provide evidence that this is related to cell signaling? 






A) Growth factor ligands do not bind as efficiently to receptors.
B) Their lower hormone concentrations elicit a lesser response.
C) cAMP levels change very frequently.
D) Enzymatic activity declines.
E) ATP production decreases.






Answer: A

In C. elegans, ced-9 prevents apoptosis in a normal cell in which of the following ways?

Add Comment

In C. elegans, ced-9 prevents apoptosis in a normal cell in which of the following ways?






A) It prevents the caspase activity of ced-3 and ced-4.
B) Ced-9 remains inactive until it is signaled by ced-3 and other caspases.
C) Ced-9 cleaves to produce ced-3 and ced-4.
D) Ced-9 enters the nucleus and activates apoptotic genes.
E) Ced-9 prevents blebbing by its action on the cell membrane.






Answer: A

Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy "neighbors" of a dying cell?

Add Comment

Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy "neighbors" of a dying cell? 







A) Cell death would usually spread from one cell to the next via paracrine signals.
B) Lysosomal enzymes exiting the dying cell would damage surrounding cells.
C) Released cellular energy would interfere with the neighbors' energy budget.
D) Bits of membrane from the dying cell could merge with neighbors and bring in foreign receptors.
E) Neighboring cells would activate immunological responses.






Answer: B

If an adult person has a faulty version of the human analog to ced-4 of the nematode, which of the following is most likely to result?

Add Comment

If an adult person has a faulty version of the human analog to ced-4 of the nematode, which of the following is most likely to result? 







A) neurodegeneration
B) activation of a developmental pathway found in the worm but not in humans
C) a form of cancer in which there is insufficient apoptosis
D) webbing of fingers or toes
E) excess skin exfoliation






Answer: C

Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis?

Add Comment

Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis? 






A) The cell dies, it is lysed, its organelles are phagocytized, and its contents are recycled.
B) Its DNA and organelles become fragmented, it dies, and it is phagocytized.
C) The cell dies and the presence of its fragmented contents stimulates nearby cells to divide.
D) Its DNA and organelles are fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and the cell self-digests.
E) Its nucleus and organelles are lysed, then the cell enlarges and bursts.







Answer: D

Why has C. elegans proven to be a useful model for understanding apoptosis?

Add Comment

Why has C. elegans proven to be a useful model for understanding apoptosis? 






A) The animal has as many genes as complex organisms, but finding those responsible is easier than in a more complex organism.
B) The nematode undergoes a fixed and easy-to-visualize number of apoptotic events during its normal development.
C) This plant has a long-studied aging mechanism that has made understanding its death just a last stage.
D) While the organism ages, its cells die progressively until the whole organism is dead.
E) All of its genes are constantly being expressed so all of its proteins are available from each cell.







Answer: B

What are scaffolding proteins?

Add Comment

What are scaffolding proteins? 






A) ladderlike proteins that allow receptor-ligand complexes to climb through cells from one position to another
B) microtubular protein arrays that allow lipid-soluble hormones to get from the cell membrane to the nuclear pores
C) large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effects
D) relay proteins that orient receptors and their ligands in appropriate directions to facilitate their complexing
E) proteins that can reach into the nucleus of a cell to affect transcription





Answer: C

At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?

Add Comment

At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects? 





A) Estrogen is produced in very large concentration and therefore diffuses widely.
B) Estrogen has specific receptors inside several cell types, but each cell responds in the same way to its binding.
C) Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.
D) Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
E) The subcomponents of estrogen, when metabolized, can influence cell response.







Answer: D

A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following?

Add Comment

A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following? 





A) lower cytoplasmic levels of cAMP
B) an increase in receptor tyrosine kinase activity
C) a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes
D) an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration
E) a decrease in G protein activity







Answer: C

In which of the following ways could signal transduction most probably be explored in research to treat cancer?

Add Comment

In which of the following ways could signal transduction most probably be explored in research to treat cancer? 






A) removal of serine/threonine phosphate acceptors from transduction pathways in colon pre-cancerous growths
B) alteration of protein kinases in cell cycle regulation in order to slow cancer growth
C) increase in calcium ion uptake into the cytoplasm in order to modulate the effects of environmental carcinogens
D) expansion of the role of transduction inhibitors in the cells before they give rise to cancer
E) increase in the concentration of phosphodiesterases in order to produce more AMP






Answer: B

What explains the increased concentration of Ca?? in the ER?

Add Comment

What explains the increased concentration of Ca?? in the ER? 






A) Calcium ions are actively imported from the cytoplasm into the ER.
B) Calcium concentration is kept low in the cytoplasm because of its high usage level.
C) Calcium cannot enter the plasma membrane through ion channels.
D) Calcium levels in the blood or other body fluids are extremely low.
E) The Ca ions are recycled from other molecules in the ER.







Answer: A

The function of phosphatases in signal transduction is best described as to

Add Comment

The function of phosphatases in signal transduction is best described as to 






A) move the phosphate group of the transduction pathway to the next molecule of a series.
B) prevent a protein kinase from being reused when there is another extracellular signal.
C) amplify the transduction signal so it affects multiple transducers.
D) amplify the second messengers such as cAMP.
E) inactivate protein kinases and turn off the signal transduction.





Answer: E

Which of the following is the best explanation for the fact that most transduction pathways have multiple steps?

Add Comment

Which of the following is the best explanation for the fact that most transduction pathways have multiple steps? 






A) Most of the steps were already in place because they are steps in other pathways.
B) Multiple steps in a pathway require the least amount of ATP.
C) Multiple steps provide for greater possible amplification of a signal.
D) Each individual step can remove excess phosphate groups from the cytoplasm.
E) Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.






Answer: C

One inhibitor of cGMP is Viagra. It provides a signal that leads to dilation of blood vessels and increase of blood in the penis, facilitating erection. Since cGMP is inhibited, the signal is prolonged. The original signal that is now inhibited would have

Add Comment

One inhibitor of cGMP is Viagra. It provides a signal that leads to dilation of blood vessels and increase of blood in the penis, facilitating erection. Since cGMP is inhibited, the signal is prolonged. The original signal that is now inhibited would have 






A) hydrolyzed cGMP to GMP.
B) hydrolyzed GTP to GDP.
C) phosphorylated GDP.
D) dephosphorylated cGMP.
E) removed GMP from the cell.





Answer: A

Which of the following is a correct association?

Add Comment

Which of the following is a correct association? 






A) kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine
B) phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groups
C) GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
D) phosphorylase activity and the catabolism of glucose
E) adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMP






Answer: C

Which of the following statements is true of signal molecules?

Add Comment

Which of the following statements is true of signal molecules? 






A) When signal molecules first bind to receptor tyrosine kinases, the receptors phosphorylate a number of nearby molecules.
B) In response to some G protein-mediated signals, a special type of lipid molecule associated with the plasma membrane is cleaved to form IP3 and calcium.
C) In most cases, signal molecules interact with the cell at the plasma membrane and then enter the cell and eventually the nucleus.
D) Toxins such as those that cause botulism and cholera interfere with the ability of activated G proteins to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, resulting in phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of an appropriate signal molecule.
E) Protein kinase A activation is one possible result of signal molecules binding to G protein-coupled receptors.






Answer: E

If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound

Add Comment

If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound 






A) that mimics epinephrine and can bind to the epinephrine receptor.
B) that stimulates cAMP production in liver cells.
C) to stimulate G protein activity in liver cells.
D) that increases phosphodiesterase activity.
E) that does any of the above.






Answer: D

If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound

Add Comment

If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound 






A) that activates epinephrine receptors.
B) that increases cAMP production in liver cells.
C) to block G protein activity in liver cells.
D) that increases phosphorylase activity.
E) that keeps sugar molecules from crossing the plasma membrane of liver cells.





Answer: C

An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects?

Add Comment

An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects? 






A) block the response of epinephrine
B) decrease the amount of cAMP in the cytoplasm
C) block the activation of G proteins in response to epinephrine binding to its receptor
D) prolong the effect of epinephrine by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm
E) block the activation of protein kinase A






Answer: D

The toxin of Vibrio cholerae causes profuse diarrhea because it

Add Comment

The toxin of Vibrio cholerae causes profuse diarrhea because it 





A) modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion.
B) decreases the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, making the cells hypotonic.
C) binds with adenylyl cyclase and triggers the formation of cAMP.
D) signals IP3 to act as a second messenger for the release of calcium.
E) modifies calmodulin and activates a cascade of protein kinases.






Answer: A

Which of the following is the best explanation for the inability of a specific animal cell to reduce the Ca2? concentration in its cytosol compared with the extracellular fluid?

Add Comment

Which of the following is the best explanation for the inability of a specific animal cell to reduce the Ca2? concentration in its cytosol compared with the extracellular fluid? 






A) blockage of the synaptic signal
B) loss of transcription factors
C) insufficient ATP levels in the cytoplasm
D) low oxygen concentration around the cell
E) low levels of protein kinase in the cell






Answer: C

Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)